![]() This modelled exposure was applied in epidemiological research to investigate whether an association exists between certain types of exposure and health effects. Based on a questionnaire on the activities and these measurements, the exposure of large groups of people was predicted. The averaged individual arithmetic mean exposure over 24 hours was 0.18 milliwatt per square metre with a range of 0.015 to 2.37 milliwatt per square metre. Volunteers wore a measurement set on the body consisting of a time-activity diary, an exposimeter for radiofrequency fields measuring in 12 frequency bands, a broadband exposimeter for low frequency magnetic fields (40-1000 hertz) and a GPS-logger. For radiofrequency sources, such as radio, television and telecommunication, the exposure was assessed in 39 different microenvironments or activities in the Netherlands. RIVM has also conducted research on everyday exposure. Only further research into these specific devices can clarify this. These findings are an indication that for some devices the basic restrictions may be exceeded as well. Examples are devices with a strong electric motor that are used close to the body, such as kitchen appliances or electric drills. In certain circumstances, near some devices the reference levels can be exceeded. For the majority of these sources, the relevant reference levels are not exceeded. RIVM has conducted literature studies into the sources and strength of exposure of members of the general population to EMF. When the reference levels outside the body are exceeded, a more detailed assessment is necessary to determine whether the basic restrictions are exceeded. Since these are not easily measured, reference levels in terms of the strength electromagnetic fields outside the body have been derived from these basic restrictions. Sources of exposureĮxposure limits to prevent health effects have been derived for the level of heating or the strength of the electric field generated inside the body by EMF (basic restrictions). RIVM has performed research on the following topics: sources of electromagnetic fields and exposure of people research into exposure and effects on people (in the Programme Electromagnetic Fields and Health of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)) Comparison of international EMF policies. However, a causal relationship with EMF exposure has not been established. There is ongoing research on possible non-specific health effects such as fatigue, loss of concentration, sleep disturbance, headache and 'electrohypersensitivity'. There is also no proof for a causal relationship between exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field from cell phones and occurrence of cancer in the head such as glioma. ![]() The magnetic field due to the power line possibly plays a role in this greater chance, but there is no proof for a causal relationship. Scientific studies that compare groups of children who live near and far away from an overhead power line have indicated that the children exposed to magnetic fields above 0.3 to 0.4 microtesla may have a greater chance of getting leukaemia. Research into possible long-term health effects of (long-lasting) exposure to EMF below the exposure limits is still ongoing. ![]() Long-term health effects are not well understood. ![]() ![]() For both low frequency and radiofrequency fields exposure limits have been set below which these acute effects do not occur. Exposure to radiofrequency fields that are strong enough can lead to heating of body tissue, and result in damage to tissues and organs. Exposure to low frequency fields that are strong enough can lead to dizziness, seeing light flashes and feeling tingling or pain through stimulation of nerves. Exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (EMF), if they are strong enough, can lead to short term health effects. ![]()
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